Influence of typographic biocomposite scaffold in facilitating biomineralization to progress complex hard tissue repair

Abstract

Biomaterial modifications and scaffold fabrication methods in hard tissue engineering applications have seen enormous growth. However, clinical demand in treating and regenerating large bone defects is intricate, as current methods fail to meet requirements such as regenerating bone with optimal physical and mechanical properties in complex bone repair due to poor scaffold design and less bioactivity. To meet such clinical expectations, biomaterials are combined to create a 3D bone composite scaffold to improve the quality of the regenerated bone by improving bioactivity through biomineralization. To advance this process, accelerated and homogenous biomineralization is facilitated by the scaffold with increased surface area and active molecules to progress the repair of large bone defect. This facilitation of biomineralization leads to minerals deposition as a layer on the substrate when 3D-printed porous scaffolds made of biocomposite are exposed to body fluid at the repair site where the substrate degrades and releases active biomolecules. These released molecules crystallized evenly to form an apatite layer on the scaffold surface, where bone-forming cells attach, grow, and regenerate bone. Additionally, the formation of the apatite layer through biomineralization to repair lost structure is also governed by the following factors, which include macromolecules and an active site present between collagen molecules in the bone. In this review, we explore the advantages of biocomposite materials and 3D-printed scaffold design in accelerating biomineralization at the bone defect area to facilitate the formation of an apatite layer to progress complex hard tissue regeneration with optimal properties (1).